Akashic — Source Attribution ============================= This site combines public and openly-licensed data from many sources. Each source retains its own license. Akashic's own original work is licensed separately under CC BY 4.0 (see LICENSE.txt). == Election results, 1788–2024 == MIT Election Data and Science Lab (MEDSL) "County Presidential Election Returns, 2000-2024" DOI: 10.7910/DVN/VOQCHQ "U.S. House 1976-present" DOI: 10.7910/DVN/IG0UN2 "U.S. Senate 1976-present" DOI: 10.7910/DVN/PEJ5QU Presidential / Senate / House primaries & jungle primaries (MEDSL data portal) https://electionlab.mit.edu/ License: CC BY 4.0 (curated returns); the 2024 precinct release (doi:10.7910/DVN/NYTPDU) and the 2018 U.S. Senate precinct release (doi:10.7910/DVN/DGNAFS) are CC0 1.0. Ingested by `scripts/etl-medsl.ts` for the per-county / per-CD / per-state presidential and Congressional panels. Vote counts are facts (Feist v. Rural). Carlos Algara & Sharif Amlani "Partisanship & Nationalization in American Elections… U.S. Counties, 1872-2020" https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/DGUMFI License: CC0 1.0 (public-domain dedication; verified 2026-06-26). The long-run county presidential series behind pre-2000 history. Carl Klarner — State Legislative Election Returns, 1967-2022 https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/FJOGJB License: CC0 1.0 (public-domain dedication; verified 2026-06-26). State house / state senate district returns. Stephen Pettigrew, Karen Owen & Emily Wanless — U.S. House Primary Returns, 1956-2010 https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/26448 License: CC0 1.0 (public-domain dedication; verified 2026-06-26). U.S. House primary election returns. Stephen Ansolabehere & Jonathan Rodden — Harvard Election Data Archive Precinct-level shapefiles and returns (2004 + 2008 cycles): per-state merged shapefiles (2010 Census VTD geometry with embedded returns) and the consolidated returns dataset (doi:10.7910/DVN/YN4TLR). https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataverse/eda License: CC BY 3.0 (verified 2026-07-02 on the dataset landing pages). Commercial use permitted WITH attribution. Per-state DOIs are enumerated in `scripts/fetch-heda-precincts.ts` (HEDA_STATES). Voting and Election Science Team (VEST) Precinct-level shapefiles and returns (2016 + 2020 cycles). https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataverse/electionscience License: CC BY 4.0 (per VEST Dataverse terms; verified 2026-06-26 — e.g. the 2020 precincts release doi:10.7910/DVN/K7760H states "Creative Commons Attribution license (CC BY 4.0)"). Commercial use permitted WITH attribution. Per-(state × cycle) DOIs are enumerated in `scripts/fetch-vest-precincts.ts` (VEST_DOI_MAP) and noted in the SQL header at `scripts/sql/vest.sql`. OpenElections — Indiana precinct returns https://github.com/openelections/openelections-data-in License: MIT (LICENSE.md, "Copyright (c) 2019 OpenElections"; read 2026-08-07). Permission is granted free of charge to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense and/or sell, provided the above copyright notice and the permission notice are retained. Commercial use permitted. Used for the 2020 US House precinct layer in 7 Indiana districts, where MEDSL's own 2020 Indiana file is materially short of the certified congressional canvass; registered as core.source 158 (`scripts/sql/oe-in-source-onboarding.sql`). OpenElections converts Indiana Secretary of State / county-clerk public records. Alaska 2024 precinct returns — J. Metcalf, "2024Precincts" https://github.com/21MetcalfJ/2024Precincts License: CC BY 4.0. Used for the Alaska 2024 precinct map. Alaska Division of Elections — official statewide returns (public record) https://www.elections.alaska.gov/ License: Public domain (official government returns). Source for the Alaska statewide presidential series 1960-2004 and 2024 RCV / county aggregates. Official Secretary-of-State / county canvasses (public record) Various states' 2024 precinct returns and historical repairs (e.g. the Missouri Historical Election Repairs via MDH, mdh.contentdm.oclc.org). License: Public domain (official government returns). Statewide Database (SWDB), UC Berkeley School of Law https://statewidedatabase.org/ California's official redistricting database. The 1990s statewide Statement-of-Vote extracts (statewide_G92/G94/G96/G98_*_sov) carry the certified returns converted to 2000-census-block grain, Democratic and Republican columns only. Published as a free public resource; Akashic reconciles them per county and per party to the California Secretary of State's certified Statement of Vote, and allocates the certified county non-major vote by each place's share of the county D/R-contested vote. Ingested by `scripts/pre2000/build-ca-place-results.py` (ADR-0039 window 1). Minnesota Secretary of State — precinct vote statistics https://sos.state.mn.us/ Certified 1992 / 1994 / 1996 returns at native precinct grain, keyed FIPS_VTD, with turnout and registration columns and third parties carried natively (including the 1996 Reform Party column). License: Minnesota public data (Minn. Stat. ch. 13). Ingested by `scripts/pre2000/parse-mn-precincts.py` (ADR-0039 window 1). Massachusetts Secretary of the Commonwealth — PD43+ https://electionstats.state.ma.us/ Certified 1992-1998 returns by town, ward, and precinct, every candidate named with a party plus Blanks and Total Votes Cast — so the third-party bucket is itemized natively and needs no allocation. New England towns are minor civil divisions, so these key to the county subdivision, not the place layer; only the 58 municipalities coextensive with a census place are carried onto a city page. License: Public record (US state government work). Ingested by `scripts/pre2000/fetch-ma-pd43.py` (ADR-0039 window 1). Rhode Island Board of Elections / Department of State https://elections.ri.gov/ Certified 1992-1998 results by community. Rhode Island counties do not administer elections, so the 39 cities and towns are the native sub-county grain; 8 are coextensive with a census place. 1994 serves no by-community pages at all. License: Public record (US state government work). Ingested by `scripts/pre2000/fetch-ri-communities.py` (ADR-0039 window 1). U.S. Census Bureau — 1990 PL94-171, block relationship files, 2020 BAF https://www2.census.gov/census_1990/1990_PL94-171/ https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/rel/t00t10/ https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/rel2020/t10t20/ https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/baf2020/ The 1990 PL94-171 file supplies the voting-district (SAC3) and place (PLACEFP) assignment for every 1990 block; the TAB2000_TAB2010 and TAB2010_TAB2020 relationship files compose the 2000-to-2020 block crosswalk; the 2020 Block Assignment File supplies block-to-place. License: Public domain. Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research (ICPSR) Historical Electoral Returns archive — reference cross-check only; not a source for any election fact currently served on the site. https://www.icpsr.umich.edu/ Voteview / Lewis, Poole, Rosenthal et al., 2024 https://voteview.com DW-NOMINATE coordinates for every member of every Congress. License: CC BY Ingested by `scripts/etl-voteview.ts` for the per-CD ideology panel. == Officeholders == Voteview all-members roster + U.S. Congress Bioguide https://voteview.com/data · https://bioguide.congress.gov/ Current members of Congress (names, party, chamber) and their identifiers. License: CC BY (Voteview); public domain (Bioguide, US government work). Ingested by `scripts/build-officeholders.ts` for the federal officeholder cards. OpenStates (Plural Policy) https://openstates.org/ · https://data.openstates.org/people/current/ Current state-legislator rosters (names, party, district) via the nightly current-legislator CSVs. License: open data (see the OpenStates data license). Attribute OpenStates. Ingested by `scripts/build-officeholders.ts` for the state-legislative officeholder cards on the SLD pages. == Campaign finance == Federal Election Commission (FEC) Candidate receipts, disbursements, cash on hand, and independent-expenditure (Schedule E) totals via the OpenFEC API. https://api.open.fec.gov/ License: Public domain (US government work). Ingested by `scripts/forecast/fetch-fec-finance.ts` for the forecast "Candidates & money" card. == Public opinion polling == VoteHub Aggregated public-opinion polls (pollster, field dates, sample, population, sponsor, and per-candidate support) via the VoteHub polls API. https://votehub.com/ License: CC BY 4.0. Commercial use permitted WITH attribution. Ingested into the Akashic polling store and surfaced by `scripts/forecast/build-polling.ts` on the forecast "Public polling" card. Individual polls are shown; no VoteHub polling average is republished. == Prediction markets == Polymarket Live implied probabilities for the 2026 Senate, Governor, House, and chamber-control races, read from the Polymarket Gamma API. https://polymarket.com/ License: used for non-commercial display with attribution. Always labeled as prediction-market sentiment ("via Polymarket"), never Akashic's forecast. Bound to Akashic forecast contests by `lib/forecast/market-match.ts` and surfaced as the model-vs-market overlay on /forecast (hub, chambers, seats). Refreshed by `scripts/forecast/fetch-forecast-markets.ts`. == Demographics == United States Census Bureau American Community Survey 2024 5-year estimates (reference period 2020–2024) https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs License: Public domain (US government work) Connecticut 2022+ planning-region restructuring noted on /about; pre-2022 county-level historical election totals are apportioned to modern planning regions by 2020 town-level population (Akashic-derived crosswalk). == Religious adherence == Association of Statisticians of American Religious Bodies (ASARB) 2020 US Religion Census: Religious Congregations & Membership Study https://www.usreligioncensus.org/ Distributed via the Association of Religion Data Archives (ARDA) https://www.thearda.com/ License: Free for educational, non-commercial, and research use; please cite ASARB when redistributing. == Geographic boundaries == United States Census Bureau TIGER/Line Shapefiles, 2024 vintage https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/geography/technical-documentation/complete-technical-documentation/tiger-geo-line.html License: Public domain (US government work) Newberry Library — Atlas of Historical County Boundaries (AHCB) Historical U.S. county boundary polygons (daily resolution, 1629–2000), Gen01 generalization. Used for period (election-year) county weighting of pre-1960 presidential results in the Places custom-shape rollup. https://publications.newberry.org/ahcb/ Compiled by John H. Long, ed., Dr. William M. Scholl Center for American History and Culture, The Newberry Library. License: free to consult, review, and reuse for any lawful purpose, commercial or non-commercial, without licensing or permission fees (per the AHCB downloads page). Ingested by `scripts/etl-ahcb-historical-counties.ts`. == Media markets (DMA) == Nielsen — Designated Market Area (DMA) definitions County-to-market assignments for the 200+ U.S. television markets. "Nielsen" and "DMA" / "Designated Market Area" are trademarks of Nielsen; the market definitions are Nielsen's proprietary product. The DMA tier here is an editorial county-to-market mapping based on Nielsen's published market definitions, surfaced for non-commercial reference only — NOT licensed for commercial redistribution. See docs/COMMERCIAL_RIGHTS_AUDIT.md before any paid use. https://www.nielsen.com/ == Neighborhood-scale municipal boundaries == U.S. Census Bureau — 2020 Census PL 94-171, Tables P1 and P2 Block population and race-alone counts (P1), plus Hispanic or Latino ethnicity of any race (P2), assigned to published municipal boundary systems by Census-block internal point. Hispanic ethnicity overlaps the P1 race rows and is labeled accordingly. Public domain. https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census/about/rdo/summary-files.html NYC Department of City Planning — 2020 Neighborhood Tabulation Areas DCP release 26b; source updated 2026-05-28. NYC Open Data Terms. https://data.cityofnewyork.us/d/9nt8-h7nd https://opendata.cityofnewyork.us/overview/ City of Chicago — Community Areas Current 77-area source; source updated 2025-04-22. City of Chicago Data Terms. https://data.cityofchicago.org/d/igwz-8jzy https://www.chicago.gov/city/en/narr/foia/data_disclaimer.html City of Los Angeles GeoHub — certified Neighborhood Council boundaries CC BY 4.0. Audited and retained in the boundary registry, but not used to publish Place pages because the source fails the exclusive-partition gate. https://geohub.lacity.org/datasets/674f80b8edee4bf48551512896a1821d_0/about https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ == Prediction markets == Polymarket Prediction-market prices for selected political markets (the prediction-market overlay), shown as market sentiment — never Akashic's own projection. Subject to Polymarket's terms of service, which restrict commercial reuse; surfaced for non-commercial reference only. See docs/COMMERCIAL_RIGHTS_AUDIT.md before any paid use. https://polymarket.com/ == County hero photography == Wikimedia Commons (per-image attribution preserved on each county page) Licenses vary per image: CC0, CC BY, CC BY-SA, CC BY-ND, public domain. Each county page links to the source media file and surfaces the photographer credit and license code. == Wikidata identifiers == Wikidata QIDs and sameAs links for places; county seats (P36) for map place labels https://www.wikidata.org/ License: CC0 (public domain) == Editorial copy == Akashic Intelligence (original work) Place subheads, narrative descriptions, FAQ answers, methodology pages, blog content. License: CC BY 4.0 (see LICENSE.txt) == Citation == When citing Akashic as a whole: Akashic — Political Geography Database Akashic Intelligence https://akashic.app/ Accessed [date] When citing a specific place page, the recommended format is provided by the on-page "Cite this page" widget (BibTeX / MLA / APA / Chicago / plain). == Group-quarters population (prisons, dorms, barracks, nursing homes) == U.S. Census Bureau, 2020 Census, Public Law 94-171 Redistricting Data, Table P5 (Group Quarters Population by Major Group Quarters Type). Public domain. Ingested at state + county grain (scripts/etl-p5-gq.ts) as cohort-agnostic validation reference for assembled institutional Places. == Contact == https://akashic.app/about https://akashic.app/press Last updated: 2026-08-25 (added city-sourced neighborhood boundary systems and 2020 Census PL 94-171 block population/race semantics). Prior: 2026-08-11 (ADR-0039 window 1: SWDB, Minnesota SoS, Massachusetts PD43+, Rhode Island Board of Elections, and the Census 1990 PL94-171 / block-relationship / BAF products added). Prior: 2026-08-07 (added OpenElections Indiana, MIT, for the 2020 US House precinct layer — core.source 158). Prior: 2026-06-26 (license-compliance audit: VEST corrected to CC BY 4.0; added Algara-Amlani, Klarner, Pettigrew/Miller, AK 2024 precincts, AK Division of Elections, and SoS canvasses; ICPSR reconciled as reference-only).