Akashic
1892–2024

Every US Senate election, 1976–2024

The Senate cycle by cycle — every contest with candidate names and the resulting balance of power, county maps where the returns exist. Real returns, named sources, nothing estimated.

2024 US Senate elections — the most recent cycle
2024 Senate margin by stateA map of the United States with each state filled by its 2024 result — deep red (Republican) through neutral to deep blue (Democratic), and gold where an independent or third-party candidate carried the state.Alabama · —Alaska · —Arizona · D+2.4Colorado · —Florida · R+12.8Georgia · —Indiana · R+19.9Kansas · —Maine · O+19.9Massachusetts · D+19.8Minnesota · D+15.7New Jersey · D+9.6North Carolina · —North Dakota · R+32.9Oklahoma · —Pennsylvania · R+0.2South Dakota · —Texas · R+8.5Wyoming · R+51.0Connecticut · D+16.1Missouri · R+13.7West Virginia · R+41.0Illinois · —New Mexico · D+10.1Arkansas · —California · D+17.7Delaware · D+17.1District of Columbia · —Hawaii · D+32.7Iowa · —Kentucky · —Maryland · D+11.8Michigan · D+0.3Mississippi · R+25.6Montana · R+7.1New Hampshire · —New York · D+18.3Ohio · R+3.6Oregon · —Tennessee · R+29.6Utah · R+30.8Virginia · D+8.9Washington · D+18.5Wisconsin · D+0.8Nebraska · R+53.2South Carolina · —Idaho · —Nevada · D+1.6Vermont · O+35.9Louisiana · —Rhode Island · D+20.0
Senate balance
119th Congress

Republicans flipped the Senate.

before
after
51 for a majority
Democratic caucus45 + 2 ind.47
Republican53
presidential vote, same yearR+1.5

Republicans flipped control — net +4.

Gold marks independents, counted with the caucus they join (the modern independents caucus with the Democrats).

Gold marks a state an independent or third-party candidate carried — the blue/red ramp is the Democratic-vs-Republican margin only where a major party won.
The faint wash marks a state with no contest this cycle, or no result on record.
Smaller states, enlarged
VTO+35.9MAD+19.8RID+20.0CTD+16.1NJD+9.6DED+17.1MDD+11.8
2024Senate margin
D+60
R+60
States with a Senate contest in 2024, each filled by its result and linking to its contest page. Every cycle back to 1976 is below.
Blue and red show the Democratic-vs-Republican margin; gold marks a seat an independent won.
All 33 results, 2024
StateSenate margin
HawaiiD+32.7
Rhode IslandD+20.0
MassachusettsD+19.8
WashingtonD+18.5
New YorkD+18.3
CaliforniaD+17.7
DelawareD+17.1
ConnecticutD+16.1
MinnesotaD+15.7
MarylandD+11.8
New MexicoD+10.1
New JerseyD+9.6
VirginiaD+8.9
ArizonaD+2.4
NevadaD+1.6
WisconsinD+0.8
MichiganD+0.3
PennsylvaniaR+0.2
OhioR+3.6
MontanaR+7.1
TexasR+8.5
FloridaR+12.8
MissouriR+13.7
IndianaR+19.9
MaineO+19.9
MississippiR+25.6
TennesseeR+29.6
UtahR+30.8
VermontO+35.9
North DakotaR+32.9
West VirginiaR+41.0
WyomingR+51.0
NebraskaR+53.2

Control of the Senate

Each column is one cycle: the controlling caucus's seats past the majority line, independents counted with the caucus they organize with.

51 for control1976: 62 D – 38 R · 1 ind. — Democrats held control1978: 59 D – 41 R · 1 ind. — Democrats held control1980: 47 D – 53 R · 1 ind. — Republicans flipped control1980: control changed hands1982: 46 D – 54 R — Republicans held control1984: 47 D – 53 R — Republicans held control1986: 55 D – 45 R — Democrats flipped control1986: control changed hands1988: 55 D – 45 R — Democrats held control1990: 56 D – 44 R — Democrats held control1992: 57 D – 43 R — Democrats held control1994: 47 D – 53 R — Republicans flipped control1994: control changed hands1996: 45 D – 55 R — Republicans held control1998: 45 D – 55 R — Republicans held control2000: 50 D – 50 R — Republicans held control2002: 49 D – 51 R · 1 ind. — Republicans held control2004: 45 D – 55 R · 1 ind. — Republicans held control2006: 51 D – 49 R · 2 ind. — Democrats flipped control2006: control changed hands2008: 58 D – 42 R · 2 ind. — Democrats held control2010: 53 D – 47 R · 2 ind. — Democrats held control2012: 55 D – 45 R · 2 ind. — Democrats held control2014: 46 D – 54 R · 2 ind. — Republicans flipped control2014: control changed hands2016: 48 D – 52 R · 2 ind. — Republicans held control2018: 47 D – 53 R · 2 ind. — Republicans held control2020: 50 D – 50 R · 2 ind. — Democrats flipped control2020: control changed hands2022: 51 D – 49 R · 3 ind. — Democrats held control2024: 47 D – 53 R · 2 ind. — Republicans flipped control2024: control changed hands19761980200020202024Democratic controlRepublican control

Column height is caucus seats past the majority; the axis is the control line. A cyan tick marks a cycle control changed hands.

Control of the Senate
CycleSplit
19761976: 62 D – 38 R · 1 ind. — Democrats held control
19781978: 59 D – 41 R · 1 ind. — Democrats held control
19801980: 47 D – 53 R · 1 ind. — Republicans flipped control
19821982: 46 D – 54 R — Republicans held control
19841984: 47 D – 53 R — Republicans held control
19861986: 55 D – 45 R — Democrats flipped control
19881988: 55 D – 45 R — Democrats held control
19901990: 56 D – 44 R — Democrats held control
19921992: 57 D – 43 R — Democrats held control
19941994: 47 D – 53 R — Republicans flipped control
19961996: 45 D – 55 R — Republicans held control
19981998: 45 D – 55 R — Republicans held control
20002000: 50 D – 50 R — Republicans held control
20022002: 49 D – 51 R · 1 ind. — Republicans held control
20042004: 45 D – 55 R · 1 ind. — Republicans held control
20062006: 51 D – 49 R · 2 ind. — Democrats flipped control
20082008: 58 D – 42 R · 2 ind. — Democrats held control
20102010: 53 D – 47 R · 2 ind. — Democrats held control
20122012: 55 D – 45 R · 2 ind. — Democrats held control
20142014: 46 D – 54 R · 2 ind. — Republicans flipped control
20162016: 48 D – 52 R · 2 ind. — Republicans held control
20182018: 47 D – 53 R · 2 ind. — Republicans held control
20202020: 50 D – 50 R · 2 ind. — Democrats flipped control
20222022: 51 D – 49 R · 3 ind. — Democrats held control
20242024: 47 D – 53 R · 2 ind. — Republicans flipped control
1976 through 2024.
Every cycle25 cycles · 1976–2024
2020s
202420222020
2010s
20182016201420122010
2000s
20082006200420022000
1990s
19981996199419921990
1980s
19881986198419821980
1970s
19781976

Statewide totals with candidate names cover every contest 1976–2024. County-level maps render where county returns are baked — the modern precinct era and a deep historical set reaching back to 1908.

Source. MIT Election Data + Science Lab — US Senate returns 1976–2024, party-classified by literal ballot party · statewide certified totals; county returns where baked. Real returns — nothing estimated.